Maleta Notes

INTRODUCTION TO THE HUMANITIES: Visual and Performing Arts
Author: Lucivilla L. Marcos, Ph.D.

CHAPTER I: HUMANITIES-Meaning, Significance and Components

HUMANITIES:
Latin “humanus”: human,cultured,refined
-refers to ARTS

“Judging an artwork is like solving a problem.”
PHILOSOPHY: “philos”: love
: “sophia”: wisdom
5 BRANCH OF PHILOSOPHY
1. METAPHYSICS: ultimate reality
2. ETHICS: “ethos/ethica”-manners,customs,habits
-human actions from moral point of view
3. EPISTEMOLOGY: theory of knowledge
4. LOGIC: principle of valid reasoning
5. AESTHETICS: essence of beauty/ugliness


PHILOSOPHERS
1. SOCRATES: world’s greatest and first philosopher
Dualist
Socratic Method: method of inquiry
Xanthippe: allegedly his second wife
*doesn’t believe in Gods of Athens
*died because of “hemlock”: a bi-lineal plant
*accused by his student, Plato
“To know good is to do good.”
“Knowledge is virtue.”

2. PLATO
Platonic Philosophy: theory of ideas
Dionysus: Plato’s student; Patron of Writers and Philosophers
*body buried in ACADEMY
“Ethics is the highest branch of knowledge.”
“Virtue is wisdom”
“Everything has a perfect imitation.”
“Learning is recollection.”

3. ARISTOTLE: first scientist; Father of Formal Logic
Dualist
Macedonian
Barbaric Inferiority: divided mankind into slaves and master (freeman)
Britannica Encyclopedia: flora-plants
Fauna-animals
*son of great physician
*tutored Alexander the Great
*attended Plato’s Academy
*only uses ruler and compass
“Knowledge is acquired through experience.”

4. CONFUCIUS: Chinese Socrates
Dogma: strict doctrine
*social relationships
*Golden Rule!
“A superior man follows his own nature & develops sincerity.”
“Equal ang tao regardless of their rank.”

5. MARIA MONTESSORI: 1st childhood educator
Italian
Auto Didactic: self-correction

6. JEAN LOCKE: Philosopher of freedom
Dualist
Empiricist: from experience
Tabula Rasa: “blank tablet”; we learn through experience

ST. THOMAS DE AQUINAS: Angelic doctor
-Christianized Aristotle’s philosophies
DUALIST: philosophers’ who holds the reality subsists both the thought and matter

PURPOSE OF ART
1. To Provide decoration
2. To Reveal truth
3. To Record and commemorate experience
4. To Immortalize
5. To Create beauty
6. To Create order and harmony
7. To Express religious values

7 BASIC ELEMENTS
1. Color
2. Balance
3. Lines
4. Space
5. Size
6. Shapes
7. Texture

Composition: the act of composing/organizing elements of arts
Scale: relative size of an object
Visual Balance: illusion of balance

5 PRINCIPLES OF ARTISTIC COMPOSTION
1. PROPORTION: law of relationship; comparative relationship
Large Reclining Nude by Henri Matisse
Pyramids of Giza
Skyscrapers of New York
2. UNITY/HARMONY: oneness/wholeness
5 Principles:
-Color
-Lines & Shapes
-Idea
-Texture
-Size
3. BALANCE: steady & repose; weight/masses
Formal Balance/Symmetrical: both sides are exactly alike
e.g. The Parthenon
*Pure Symmetry: identical parts are equally distributed
-Radial Symmetry: rotating around a center point
-Exact Symmetry: exactly repeated design
-Axial Symmetry: 2 opposing repeats

*Approximate symmetry: two sides are varied

Informal Balance/Asymmetrical: occult balance

4. RHYTHM: regular repetition of sensory impressions
Forms of Repetition:
-continuous line movement
-alternation
-parallelism
-progression
-sequence
5. EMPHASIS: giving proper importance to the whole; relieves monotony

STYLES OF ART
1. REALISM: portrays people and things as seen
e.g. Amorsolos’ paintings
Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag by Edgardo Reyes
Dilim sa Umaga by Efren Abueg
2. ABSTRACTION: “abstract”-to move away
Geometric/Hard Edge: rationality
Organic Abstraction/Looser: abstract impressionism

Abstract Impressionism: originates from New York School
Cubism: introduced by
PABLO PICASSO: child prodigy in visual arts
GEORGE BRAQUE
-objects are broken up into fragments
3. SYMBOLISM:”symbol”-visible sign of something invisible
e.g Spoliarium by Juan Luna
4. EXPRESSIONISM: introduced in Germany
: pathos,morbidity,violence,chaos
e.g works of VINCENT VAN GOGH
-died of frustration
5. SURREALISM: “super realism”
: founded by ANDRE BRETON
: serves as weapons against evil & restrictions
6. FAUVISM: “les fauves”-wild beasts
: Comfort, joy and pleasures using bright colors
e.g. The Red Room by Henri Matisse
7. FUTURISM: machine & motion
e.g. Umberto Boccioni: leading Futurist painter


CHAPTER II: PAINTING
CHAPTER III: SCULPTURE

SCULPTURE: Latin “sculpere”-to carve
-art of carving, casting, modeling/assembling materials into 3-dimensional forms
2 SCULPTURAL PROCESSES
1. Subtractive: process of cutting away unwanted material
2. Additive: joining/combining together small pieces of material

2 KINDS OF SCULPTURE
1. Round
2. Relief

Techniques in Sculpting
1. CARVING: pre-historic times; time-consuming & painstaking process
e.g. David by Michaelangelo

TOOLS
Sharp tools
-chisel
Less penetrating tools
-bow drill
-rasp
Finishing tools
-fine rasp
-pumice/sand
-transparent patina: made with oil/wax base
2. MODELING: consist of addition, to/building up a form; uses clay/claylike substances
3. CASTING: to obtain permanence of modeled work
2 METHODS OF CASTING
1. Cire Perdue: lost-wax process; more widely employed
2. Sand Casting: intricate process in w/c sand is mixed with clay
4. CONSTRUCTION & ASSEMBLAGE
-originate in collage: paper & other materials are posted to picture surface devised by Pablo Picasso & George Braque

Construction: 3-dimensional objects
Assemblage: Jean DuBuffet

DEVELOPMENT OF SCULPTURE
PREHISTORIC SCULPTURE
-small ivory horse in Germany: oldest
-Venus figures like Venus of Willendorf
-human skulls in Jericho

EGYPTIAN SCULPTURE
-Palette of King Narmer: oldest Egyptian sculpture
-statues of pharaohs (pharaoh Khafre)
FORMS OF SCULPTURE
1. Palettes: shield-shaped stone
2. Wall Carvings: walls of tombs; hieroglyphics
3. Statues
GREEK SCULPTURE
-lovers of human body
-Phideas: chief sculptor
-Parthenon: highest expression of the Greek spirit
-Praxitels: first sculptor portraying feminine body
-Lysippus: his works show faces like the head of Alexander the Great
ROMAN SCULPTURE
-more realistic and matter-of-fact in character
-Venus de Milo
BYZANTINE SCULPTURE
-represents Christianization of Rome
ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE
-subordinated to architecture
9TH CENTURY SCULPTURE
-governed by church
GOTHIC SCULPTURE
-similar to Romanesque but differed in the presentation of human figure
RENAISSANCE SCULPTURE
-anatomical shapes and proportions
-First monumental sculptures:
“Pieta” & “David” by Michelangelo
BAROQUE SCULPTURE
-governed by aesthetic, a means to express states of the soul
-Gian Lorenzo Bernini: chief artist of Vatican
ROCOCO SCULPTURE
-purely ornamental in nature suggesting pomp and wealth first used in court of French King
19TH CENTURY SCULPTURE
-2 trends: Neo-Classical Realistic Romantic

Michelangelo: greatest sculptor
Pieta: signed work of Michelangelo
Anthony Caro: creates powerful metal constructions
George Ricky: steel structures set into motion by wind
Richard Serra: “St. John’s Rotary Arc”
Chryssa: neon tubes
Dan Flavin: spatial voids through fluorescent tubing
Donatello: greatest sculptor of early Renaissance; “Mary Magdalen”
*Horus: sky God
*Anubis: God of Funeral Rites

SCULPTURE IN PHILS.
-Academy of Arts & Sciences: established by Augustinian friars
-Martinez Montanez y Arcillo: Spanish sculptor noted for wooden religious sculpture
-Guillermo Tolentino:”UP Oblation”
-Anastacio T. Caedo: model of UP Oblation

10 GREATEST SCULPTURES
1. David
2. Venus de Milo
3. The Thinker
4. Pieta
5. Caesar
6. The Kiss
7. Blind Justice
8. Discus the thrower
9. Hermes
10. Savanna


CHAPTER IV: ARCHITECTURE
CHAPTER V: MUSIC

MUSIC: art of combining and regulating sounds…
Sound: begins with vibrations transmitted by air
4 PROPERTIES OF SOUND
1. PITCH: highness/lowness
Tone: sound that has definite pitch
2. DYNAMICS: loudness/softness
Loudness: amplitude of the vibration producing sound
3. TONE COLOR: quality of sound that distinguishes it; sense of continuity
4. DURATION: length of time over whichvibration is maintained

KINDS OF MUSIC
1. PROGRAM MUSIC: connected to elements of story/poem
-Imitative music: copies actual sound of music
-Descriptive Program: music pictures, event/scene
e.g Pastoral Symphony: Beethoven’s Symphony No. 6
-Narrative music: tells a story or represents a series of events
e.g. Don Quixote
2. FOLK MUSIC: traditional and spontaneous music
3. ART SONG: usually composed with piano accompaniment; sophisticated
4. JAZZ MUSIC: syncopation & rhythmic background played by Negroes
5. CLASSICAL MUSIC
e.g. Madaling Araw
Nasaan ka Irog
Hatinggabi
Classical music composers
-Buencamino
-Santiago
-Silos
6. THE OPERA: musical drama; most attractive form of entertainment
Theatrical music

MEDIUMS IN MUSIC
1. Vocal Medium: human voice is the most natural form of music
2. Musical Instrument: any mechanism that produces musical sound other than voice

VOICE RANGES
Soprano-highest
Tenor
Mezzo-Soprano
Baritone
Alto/Contralto
Bass

5 CLASSIFICATIONS OF MUSICAL INS.
1. Aerophones: instruments that are blown
2. Chordophones: instrument being strummed, bowed
3. Idiophone: percussions
4. Electrophone: use electricity
5. Membranophone: percussion made of animal membrane

STRING
BRASS
WOODWIND
PERCUSSION

ELEMENTS OF MUSIC
1. Rhythm: beat; pulse of music
Accent: seen above the syllable of lyrics; stress/emphasis (>)
Meter: measure; number of beats in a rhythmic unit of measure
Tempo: speed whether fast/slow
2. Pitch & Melody
Melody: tuneful part of music; series of single tones adding up to a whole
Steps: small interval between adjacent tones
Leaps: large interval
Cadence: point of arrival/resting place at the end of phrase
3. Harmony: the way chords are constructed; simultaneous sounding of 2/more tones
Chord: combination of tones sounded at once
Consonance: pleasant-sounding chord
Dissonance: unpleasant sound; effects of sound that repel each other
4. Texture: different layers of sound heard at once


3 BASIC MUSICAL TEXTURES
1. Monophonic Texture: one sound
2. Polyphonic Texture: simultaneous performance of 2/more
Counterpoint: technique of combining several melodic lines into a whole
Contramental: also used in place of polyphonic texture
3. Homophonic Texture: one melody accompanied by chords

*Form: organization of musical ideas and time
*Ensemble: 2/more performers engaged in playing/singing a piece of music
* Concerto: form written for orchestra usually one solo instrument

ENSEMBLE OF MEDIUMS
Orchestra: most spectacular ensemble composed of any sizeable group of performer under the conductor-director of orchestra
Symphony Orchestra: large ensemble including all principal instrumental types
Band: large like orchestra consisting mainly of wind and percussion instrument
The Rondalla: best-known instrumental group in Phils.
Pangkat/BandangKawayan: composed of instrument made of bamboo like:
-bumbong
-marimba/talunggating
-tipaklung/bamboo harp
-gabbang/Muslim-type xylophone
-tulali/bamboo flute
-bungkaka/bamboo clapper
-kalatok/bamboo knockers
Mixed Ensembles: include instruments and voices
-opera
-oratorio
-cantata
-Requiem mass
Chamber Orchestra: small instrumental ensemble with only few performers
Chamber Ensembles
1. Solo Sonatas: solo instrument with accompaniment by piano/harpsichord

2. String Quartet: most common medium of chamber music consist of 2 violins, viola, cello
Piano Quartet: when replaced by piano
3. Duos, Trios, Quintets, Sextet, Septet, Octet, Nonet
Special Ensembles: electronic
The family ensemble
e.g. Tajanlangit and Figueroa families
Posadas clan

HISTORY OF MUSIC
MIDDLE AGE
-Gregorian Chant: codified by Pope Gregory I; approved music of Church
-Organum: sung by troubadours and trouveres of France; University of Notre Dame
-Guillame de Machaut

RENAISSANCE
-“age of individual”
-Joaquin des Prez: early master of Flemish style
-English Madrigals

BAROQUE AGE
-Johann Sebastian Bach: greatest composer
-opera: created by group of composers in Florence,Italy
-Claudio Monteverdi: composed earliest operatic masterpieces
-Orfeo by Claudio Monteverdi; first big opera
-The Four Seasons by Antonio Vivaldi: Venetian composer; concerto
-George Friderie Handel: operas & oratorios
-Homophony
-Sonata
-serenades & divertimenti
-Vienna: musical center of Europe
-Christoph von Gluck: Baroque opera
-Johann Stamitz: orchestral symphony

3 Great Composer of Viennese School
1. Franz Joseph Haydn
2. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart: child prodigy in music
3. Ludwig van Beethoven: deaf German composer

ROMANTIC ERA
-Romanticism from “romances”
-Belcanto opera: “beautiful singing”
-Guiseppe Verdi: Italian opera
-Richard Wagner: German opera


CHAPTER VI: DRAMA

DRAMA-Greek word “dram”: to do/to act
PLAY: a story acted out on stage before an audience
DRAMATIC PERFORMANCE: intricate process of rehearsal based upon imagery
DRAMATIC MONOLOGUE: lyrical poem/narrative piece that has a person speaking to select listener

CLASSIFICATION OF DRAMA PLAYS
1. TRAGEDY: unhappy ending; ruin of lead characters
CATHARSIS: washed clean of emotions after the play closes.
TRAGIC FLAW: weakness in own character
DOMESTIC TRAGEDY: brought low by circumstances beyond their control
2. COMEDY: happy ending; lighter drama
ROMANTIC COMEDY: love story main characters are lovers and secondary are comic
SENTIMENTAL COMEDY: mixes sentimental emotion with humor
3. PROBLEM PLAY: social criticism
4. FARCE: comedy at its broadest
5. COMEDY OF MANNERS: artificial comedy; subtle, witty and often mocking
6. FANTASY: allowing things to happen without regarding reality
7. MELODRAMA: plot filled with pathos and threats by villain with comic relief

ELEMENTS OF DRAMA
1. PLOT: sequence of events/incidents
a. Clash of actions,ideas,wills,desires
-Person against person
-Person against environment
-Person against himself
b. Protagonist & Antagonist
c. Artistic Unity: essential to good plot
d. Plot Manipulation
2. CHARACTER: “dramatis personae”
a. Direct Presentation: author tells straight out
b. Indirect Presentation: author shows character in action; reader infers
Dramatized characters: consistent, motivated and plausible
c. Character Types
Flat character: known by 1 or 2 traits
Round character: complex and many sided
Stock character: stereotype
Static character: remains the same from the beginning to end
Dynamic character: undergoes permanent change
3. THEME: controlling idea/central insight; soul of drama play
4. DIALOGUE: substance of a play; “sense of decorum”
5. SET DESIGN: arrangement of theatrical space
CLASSIFICATION
-realistic: most used
-abstract: universal
-suggestive: simplified realism
-functional: rarely used
Set/Setting: visual environment
Scenographer: person designing sets, costumes and lights in EUROPE.
6. LIGHTING DESIGN: more ephemeral art
2 FUNCTIONS: 1. to illuminate stage and performers
2. To create mood and control the focus of spectators
Stage lighting may be from: Direct source or indirect
4 CONTROLLABLE PROPERTIES:
Intensity
Color Placement
Movement
Visible Changing
2 TYPES OF STAGE-LIGHTING INSTRUMENTS:
Floodlight: illuminate broad area
Spotlights: smaller area
Gels: used to soften light and create more pleasing effect
Lighting designer: responsible for projections
Mixed media: film and still projections used by German director ERWIN PISCATOR
Dimmers: controls the intensity of each or group of instruments
Memory Board: computerized control system storing information of each light cue or change of lights

7. COSTUME DESIGN
Costume: whatever worn by performers; conveys information about the character
Costume Designers: concerned with costumes, wigs, masks, makeup
8. MASK: special element of costume; essential in Greek & Roman drama; universal symbols in theaters
Commedia dell’atre: most used in African & Oriental
9. MAKEUP: may also function as mask especially in Oriental theater
10. TECHNICAL PRODUCTION
a. Pre-production technical work: supervised by technical director in conjunction with designers
b. Run of Production
Props: objects handled by actors; used in dressing the stage
Props master/mistress: person in charge of props
11. SOUND AND SOUND EFFECTS
Sound: generally recorded during the reproduction period
Sound Effect: any sound that cannot be created by a performer

HISTORY OF DRAMA
ANCIENT DRAMA
Thespis: first composer and soloist in form called TRAGEDY
- Can be considered First dramatist and first actor (thespian)
Aeschylus: introduced a second character
Euripides: most modern
Sophocles: dramatist; introduced use of paintings in dramas
-“Oedipus Tyrannus”


MEDIEVAL DRAMA
Christian church: a form of theater
Tropes: bits of chanted dialogue
RESTORATION AND 18TH CENTURY DRAMA
Charles II: established Theaters
Moliere: introduced Comedy of Manners
Example-She Would If She Could
The Man of Code
The Country Wife
The Way of the World
The Recruiting Officer
The Beaux Stratagem
London Merchant by George Lillo: consolidated domestic tragedy
Henry Fielding
Beggar’s Opera by John Gay
19TH CENTURY DRAMA AND THE ROMANTIC REBELLION
Romanticism: concentrated on spiritual; “Romantic Drama”; first appeared on Germany

MODERN DRAMA
Richard Wagner: originator of antirealist ideas; to create myths
- Proposed Gesamtkuntswerk: the total art work
- Festival Theatre @ Bayreuth,Germany

PHILIPPINE DRAMA
Verbal joust: usually held during social gatherings
Example: Bical: old Western Visayan
Pagdiwata: held by Tagbanuas; ritual to thank spirits
Sulu rituals: mimetic in nature; included martial arts
Pantomimic dancing: common feature in social gathering
Example: Balite & Karamag to Kawayan: held by Bagobos
Negritos of Pinatubo: re-enacts occupation; “Karagatan”


PLAYS DURING SPANISH PERIOD
Cenaculo: dramatization of passion & death of Christ
- speak lines in hablada: deliberate slow manner or Cantada: singing
Moro-moro: cloak-and-dagger play depicting wars between Christian and Muslims
Fr. Jeronimo Perez: writer of first Moro-moro
Zarzuela: melodrama with three-in-one act play; musical comedy
1905-1930: Golden Age of Zarzuela
Junto al Pasig: zarzuela written by Jose Rizal staged @ Ateneo de Manila on Feast Day of the Immaculate Conception
Pag-ibig Sa Lupang Tinubuan: Pascual Poblete*
Tanikalang Ginto: Juan Abad
Malaya: Tomas Remigio
Kahapon,Ngayon at Bukas: Aureli Tolentino*
Walang Sugat: Severino Reyes
(*were jailed)
Moriones: celebrated every Holy Week in Marinduque; dressed as Roman soldiers
“longinus”: one-eyed Roman soldier
Ati-Atihan: pagan ritual & fantastic fiesta in Kalibo,Aklan
: derived from “atis”: aboriginal Negritos
“Hala Bira!” resonant cry

Hollywood “talkies”: talking pictures; marked the collapse of Filipino theater




CHAPTER VII: DANCE


ADDED INFORMATION (gathered from my notes)


CINEMA:
-the technique & art of making motion pictures
-act of presentation in lights not presented in live medium

ELEMENTS OF CINEMA
1 Composition
2. Lighting
3. Image
4. Motion: movement of still frames
5. Sound
6. Sequence
7. Time

ELEMENTS OF CINEMA “NI SIR”
1. Actor
2. Director: “captain of the ship”; who do/undo the film
: ROLES-to direct actors
-to direct movement
-to decide angle of camera
3. Script: story itself to be given treatment by the director
4. Cinematography: picture in motion
5. Redeeming Value: moral value expressed
6. Music: sets the mood & illusion in a film

Louis Lumiere: invented first camera “Camera of Lumiere brothers”
“The Arrival of Train at the Cuitat”: first film

SILENT MOVIES
-usually played with piano/organ
American Silent Movies: more on epic
European Silent Movies: dominated by American
Mature Silent Movies
Silent Documentary: non-fiction film for educational use
CINEMA GENRE
-Action
-Comedy: Charlie Chaplin
-Western
-Science-Fiction
-Documentary
-Drama

TYPES OF CINEMA
1. Silent Film
2. Full Length / Feature Film
3. Short Film/One Reeler
4. Documentary
5. Animation: rapid display of images of 2D/3D artwork
Clay Animation: “clay-mation”

“Egyptian Burial Chamber Mural”

SOUND FILM essentials:
-human voice: dialogues
-sound effects: Synchronous-sound is matched with what is viewed
Asynchronous-not matched; provides emotion
-music: background music

PEOPLE BEHIND CINEMA

1. Screenwriter
2. Director: analyze scripts; guides actors
3. Unit Production Manager: scheduling, budgeting
4. Casting Director: selects actors
5. Actor: play the role of the film
6. Stunt People
7. Animal Actors
8. Director of Photography: aka Cinematographer; camera movement
9. Designer: aka Art Director; over-all look of film
10. Assistant Director
11. Film and Sound Editor
12. Music Composer: create musical score

Others:
-Foley artist: creates sound effects
-Gaffer & best boy
-Key grip & grips
-Production sound mixer

*Thomas Alva Edison: invented optic lights
*Jose Jimenez: father of Philippine Movies
-founded Cine Rizal
-founder of Malayan Movie Corp.
*Valentin Guidote: Cine Moderno
*Edward Mayor Gross: made the first local movie in the Phil.,“La Vide de Doctor Rizal”
*Tatlong Hambog: 1926; first movie with kissing scene starring Luis Tuazon & Elizabeth “Dimples” Cooper
*Ang Aswang: first Philippine movie with “talkies”


LITERATURE: Latin “litera”-letter
-art of written work
-mirror of life
2 TYPES OF LITERATURE
1. Written
2. Oral

2 KINDS OF LITERATURE
1. Literature of Knowledge: interpretation of facts, ideas...
e.g biography
Autobiography
Anecdotal record: a narrative account
2. Literature of Imagination: product of creative writers’ presentation of general truth
e.g Illiad & Odyssey by Homer: a great poet

3 ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE
1. through the senses
2. through the intellect
3. through the emotions

4 FORMS OF LITERATURE
1. Short Story
2. Poetry
3. Essay
4. Drama

SHORT STORY: narrative; must not exceed at 12,000 words
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF SHORT STORY
1. Brevity
2. Unity
3. Intensity

4 TYPES OF SHORT STORY
1. Myths: oldest ancestor of short story
e.g. Greek Mythology
2. Fables: depicts animals
3. Parables: e.g Noah’s Ark
4. Anecdotes

5 ELEMENTS OF SHORT STORY
1. Plot: series of events/incidents
2. Character: men & women involved
3. Theme: controlling idea
4. Style: how a writer employs a language
5. Point of View: relates to the narrator of the story
*CLIMAX: falling action
*OMNICIENT NARRATOR: describes the story with 2 different place at the same time

Greatest Storytellers
1. Nathaniel Hawthorne
2. Edgar Allan Poe: Philosophy of Composition

POETRY: earliest/ oldest literary; more economical than Prose-more on narrative & short story
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
-diction: the feeling of words
-create mood
-sounds of words
-rhyme in poetry
- imagery
-figurative language
-rhyme & meter
-humor

CATEGORIES OF POETRY
1. Epic Poetry: ethnic
2. Lyric Poetry: more of intuition; immediate knowledge without reasoning
3. Dramatic: easiest form

GUIDE PRINCIPLES IN POETRY
1. Words are not informative but evocative.
2. the most concentrated form of writing…
3. Inner thought & emotional flow of poem
4. There must be synthesis of content & design
5. Poetic mind expresses itself in images

*Speech: basis of the written language
*Alliteration: use of same initial sound
*Haiku

ESSAY: type of non-fiction expressing opinions, feelings/analysis; Michael de Montaigne
ELEMENTS OF ESSAY
1. Style: employs figurative language
2. Sequence: arrangement of ideas
3. Design: to unfold & explain particular truth